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Medicinal Plant details |
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Information |
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| Sanskrit Name |
Marich. |
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| Common name in English |
Black pepper, pepper. |
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| Botanical Name |
Piper nigrum L.
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| Parts Used |
Baries, Leaves. |
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| Human Medicinal Usage |
The fruit has pungent taste with effect as anthelmintic, alterative; useful in "Kapha", "Vata", asthma, pains, throat diseases, piles, urinary discharges, ozoena, night blindness; increases biliousness; brings in sleep in epileptic fits. Fruit are pungent, carminative, bechic, aphrodisiac, purgative, alexipharmic; useful in toothache, inflammations, liver and muscular pains, spleen diseases, leucoderma, lumbago, chromic fevers, paralysis; facilitates menstruation; dries body humours (Chakrabarti et al., 1960; Sharma & Chaturvedi, 1964; Srivastava et al., 1967; Srivastava et al., 1968; Tyagi et al.,1978; Ravishankar & Sasikala, 1983).
Since centuries Black peper held an important place in Hindu medicine. It is much employed as an aromatic stimulant in cholera, weakness following fevers, vertigo, coma; a stomachic in dyspepsia and flatulence; an antiperiodic in malarial fevers; and an alterative in paraplegia and arthritic diseases (Atique et al., 1985; Tripathi et al., 1989; Donata et al., 1990; Shukla et al., 1990; Zeven, 1995; Thankamma et al., 1995; Hu Shi Lin et al., 1996; Saraswathy & Rani, 1997, 1998). Externally it is rubefacient; as a local application used to relax sore throat, piles and some skin-diseases; as a resolvent to boils in the form of paste.
Fruit is used to promote the dissipation of the swelling. Take 20 g of skin of pomegranate fruit, 10 g black pepper and 10 g sugar. Mix everything together and pound to a powder. This is taken 3-4 times a day alongwith hot water in equal proportion to cure whooping cough (Sharma, 1998). Garlic mixed with pepper and salt is consumed along with rice to prevent indigestion (Geervani, 1997).
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| Veterinary Medicinal Usage |
The mixture of leaves of pedda gummadu (Melyna arjoria), navili (Holoptelea integrifolia) and tummi (Leucas spiphora) along with garlic or pepper can be used to control snoring and cough in cattle (Geervani, 1997). for the treatment of entritis dried ginger (100g) pepper seeds (2 in number) are pounded together and diluted in water and orally administered to the animal (Vivekanandan, 1995). In the treatment of diarrhoea a mixture of Sinus vitazonia, Cajanus indicas, Allium sativum and Piper nigrum is ground together and boiled. The extract is filtered and fed to the animal (Geervani, 1997).
To treat tears in animals eyes, a pinch of dried ginger and pepper powder is applied to the eyes (Vivekanandan, 2002). A handful of leaves of white coloured variety of thaivalai (Cleome pentaphylla) with ten seeds of pepper are ground after dilution. Drops of this mixture is squeezed in the eyes of the affected animal through a white muslin cloth to cure eye injury (Nova, 1998). Ten grams each of pepper and coriander are powdered and mixed with ginger oil, and fed to the animal to cure urinary blockage (Iyyappan, 1995). Powdered ginger and pepper mixed with water is fed to the animal to prevent indigestion (Bhagya, 1999).
A few drops of a concoction made out of pepper and dried ginger is applied in the nostril, ears and the eyes of the animal suffering from anorexia, giddiness, cough (Anonymous, 1999).
Cassia fistula is mixed with garlic, boiled and filtered. Pepper is added to the filtrate and fed to cattle to improve digestion. During indigestion and fever ten grams each of garlic, fresh ginger, dried ginger, asafoetida and pepper are pounded and mixed with 50 g of jaggery. The mixture is made into balls and fed to the animal (Geervani, 1997; Vivekanandan, 1997).
During bacterial infection the leaves of Tylophora asthmatica and Capparis brevispina, pepper and garlic, are crushed to extract the juice which is mixed with buttermilk or goats milk and is given to the animals (Prakash, 1997). Turmeric powder, seeds of pepper and castor, and leaves of Cynodon dactylon are made into paste to be applied over the blisters in the mouth of cattle (Annonymous, 1995). For treating animals that refuse to feed, root of milagaranaikodi (Stephania japonica), three cloves of garlic and 10 pepper seeds are to be ground and diluted in hot water and fed once to the animal (Vivekanandan, 1996).
To treat fever, a paste of 21 fruits of black pepper and 21 leaves of citrus plant is made and fed with water once daily. Otherwise, 50 g ground black pepper is warmed with ghee and fed to a full-grown cow (Anonymous, 2001). To cure asthma the fermented solution of the storage tissue of Withania somnifera, leaves of Gynandropsis pentaphylla, stem of Cissus quadrangularis, white onion, pepper and ginger is mixed with the same quantity of buttermilk, and a litre of this mixture is given to the affected animal (Prakash, 1997).
The traditional and most effective method to cure throat infection and pain is to use pure ghee mixed with black pepper powder (Singh, 1999). The mixture of black pepper and jouphal (Myristica fragrans) roasted and mixed with ghee cures cold (Nova, 1998). The other method of treating eye diseases in animals is by allowing a non-smoker to chew some black pepper and spit it in the eyes of the affected animal (Vivekanandan, 1995). The disease in Chickens characterised by frothing at the mouth, frequent cackling, restlessness, and reduced food intake is treated by taking approximately 10-15 black pepper corns grounding and mixed them with pearl millet flour and water to make small pellets. These pellets when fed to the chicken, it subsequently rids the bird of the disease (Parmar, 1992).
Fever in case of cattles can be treated using Tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), black pepper (Piper nigrum) and dry ginger (Zingiber officinale). These are powdered, dissolved in two glasses of water and boiled. After cooling, the solution is given to the cattle to drink. This dose is given once a day for two days (Gadhvi, 1999).
Chakri disease mostly affects cows, bufaloes and bullocks. The symptoms are dizziness, exhaustion. Such animals are fed with black pepper (Piper nigrum) and ghee in the morning and in the evening daily for three days (Parmar, 1998). A few Piper nigrum seeds are powdered, and applied on tongue of the animal to cure bloat or tympany (Hameed, 1998).
To prevent white spots on cornea of eye in cattle the leaves of Barberia cuspidata plant are ground with six seeds of 'pepper' (Piper nigrum) and kept on a cloth. 'Betel' leaves along with 'betel' nut and tobacco are chewed and spit on the same cloth. The extract of these three together is squeezed through a cloth in the eye of the infected cattle (Narayana, 1997). Tobacco leaves mixed with ghee and black pepper is feed to the cattle in rainy season, to provide energy to the bullock for drawing the plough for transplanting (Mandal, 2001).
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| Agriculture Usage |
Generally for pest control dried leaves of neem and dried pepper stalk (after extracting pepper) are mixed with rice and other grains (Siddi, 1996). Pepper powder is used for the preparation of 'masala bolus' which is used in horticultural crops to control pests (Singaravel, 2002).
During burning of pepper near the rodent burrows, the fumes of the remains of pepper rind kills the rodent (Prakash, 1997). Also the smoke is believed to help control stone weevil problem. After removing the pepper grain, the stalk portion or the rind is burnt in mango garden at the flowering stage.
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| Other Usage |
It is known that camphor evaporates over time when stored. Hence to prevent this, grains of pepper are placed along with camphor in the container (Anonymous, 1998). To trap monkeys bait made of ground hot pepper and mixed with fine sand (Lumdang et al., 1998).
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| Synonyms |
Piper aromaticum Lam. |
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| Family |
Piperaceae. |
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| Description |
A stout glabrous climber, with smooth branches. Leaves: broadly ovate, some what leathery, with pointed, rounded or heart shaped. Flowers: bisexual, in slender, drooping spikes. Fruits: berries borne in racemes, one side (WOA, 1998).
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| Common Name in India |
Kalimirch, Kalamorich, Goal marich (Bengali, Hindi); Kalamari, Kalomirich (Gujarati); Kurumulaku, Nallamulaku (Malayalam); Kalimirich, Mire (Marathi); Milagu (Tamil); Miryalatige (Telugu) (WOA, 1998). |
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| Habitat |
Grows in wild in shady places, and also cultivated. |
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| Rainfall |
Plants prefer moderate to high rainfall for better growth.
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| Soil (Physical/Chemical) |
Plant can survive in the soil having pH 5-10 (WOA, 1998).
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| Regional Distribution |
Found throughout in India. |
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| Global Distribution |
It grows well in all Tropical countries, cultivated in the Tropics generally in Ceylon.
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| Chemical composition |
The stem shows presence of sesquisabinene; piperine, hentriacontan -16-one, hentriacontane and beta-sitosterol. Fruit contains a new amide pipercide characterized ss isobutylamide of 11-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl) -2E,4E,10E- undecatrienoic acid.
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| Herbarium No |
1 |
REFERENCES |
| SR No. |
NAME |
ARTICLE TITLE |
AUTHOR |
PLACE OF PUBLICATION |
VOLUME/ISSUE |
YEAR |
PUBLISHER |
COMMENT |
| 1 |
Fitoterapia. |
Use of Annona squamosa and Piper nigrum against diabetes. |
Atique, A, Iqbal, M, Ghouse, AKM. |
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56(3): 190-192. |
1985. |
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| 2 |
Indian Medical Forum. |
Studies on the effect of grean leaves of Aegle marmelos and Piper nigrum on the glucose and cholesterol levels of blood in diabetes mellitus. |
Chakrabarti, B, Mallick, C, Bhattacharya, S. |
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11: 285. |
1960. |
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| 3 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Clinical trial of certain Ayurvedic medicines indicated in vitiligo. |
Donata, MK, Mohan, KS, Austin, K, Rajagopalan, Ramadasan, K. |
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9(4): 202-206. |
1990. |
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| 4 |
Honey Bee. |
Food poisoning: Black Pepper and Pearl Millet Flour. |
Parmar, R. |
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3(3&4): 21. |
1992. |
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| 5 |
Honey Bee. |
Storage Practices. |
Annonymous. |
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9(1): 14. |
1998. |
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| 6 |
Honey Bee. |
Pomegranate cures whooping cough. |
Sharma, K. |
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9(4): 7. |
1998. |
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| 7 |
Honey Bee. |
To prevent indigestion. |
Bhagya, V. |
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10(4): 11. |
1999. |
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| 8 |
Honey Bee. |
Two and a Half Day's Fever. |
Annonymous. |
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12(3): 19. |
2001. |
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| 9 |
Acta Hortic. |
Pharmacognostical studies on the root of Piper nigrum L., I: ethnopharmacological and morphological studies. |
Hu Shi Lin, Ao Ping, Fu Gui Fang. |
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426: 171-174. |
1996. |
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| 10 |
Acta Hortic. |
Pharmacognostical studies on the root of Piper nigrum L., II: chemical and pharmacological studies |
Hu Shi Lin, Ao Ping, Tan Hong Gen |
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426: 175-178. |
1996. |
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| 11 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Pharmacological evaluation of compound Ayurvedic preparations, Part C: Vettumaran Gutika (VTG) |
Ravishankar, B, Sasikala, CK. |
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3(1): 11-18. |
1983 |
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| 12 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Standardisation of civanar amirtam. |
Saraswathy, A, Girija Rani, M. |
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17(2): 100-106. |
1997 |
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| 13 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Chemical analysis of cuvacak kutori mattirai. |
Sarasvathy, A, Girija Rani, M. |
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18(1): 24-28. |
1998. |
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| 14 |
J Medical Sci B.H.U. |
Preliminary observations on the effects of Piper nigrum Linn. |
Sharma, PV, Chaturvedi, C. |
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5(1): 51-57. |
1964. |
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| 15 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Arogya vardhini bati and anand bhairava ras, two amoebicidal Ayurvedic drugs. |
Shukla, SC, Chakraborty, E, Tewari, G, Das, R. |
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10(1): 56-58. |
1990. |
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| 16 |
Ind J Pharmacy. |
Anthelmintic activity of Piper nigrum fruits. |
Srivastava, MC, Singh, SW, Tiwari, JP. |
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30(3): 65. |
1968 |
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| 17 |
Mediscope. |
Phytopharmacognosy of Piper nigrum fruits. |
Srivastava, MC, Tewari, JP, Singh, SW, Kant, V, Mishra, KC. |
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9(12): 64. |
1967. |
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| 18 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Standardisation of thaleesapatradi churnam. |
Thankamma, A, Radhika, LG, Soudamini, C. |
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14(3): 154-160. |
1995. |
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| 19 |
Fitoterapia. |
Thyrogenic response of Piper nigrum. |
Tripathi, G, Tripathi, GS, Tripathi, YB. |
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60(6): 539-542. |
1989. |
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| 20 |
JRIM. |
A clinical study on krimi roga. |
Tyagi, RK, Tyagi, MK, Goyal, HR, Sharma, K. |
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13(3): 130-132. |
1978. |
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| 21 |
J. Smartt and N.W. Simmonds (Eds.), |
Black pepper - Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), in: |
Zeven, AC. |
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407-409. |
1995 |
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| 22 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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| 23 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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