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Medicinal Plant details |
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| Sanskrit Name |
Kutaja, Indrayava, Girimallika, Kalinga(ka), alingyava, Katuka, Mahagandha, Mallikapushpa, Panduradruama, Pravrishya, Sangrahi, hakrapadapa, Vatsika, Vrikshaka, Yavaphala (WOA, 1998).
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| Common name in English |
Kurchi, Conessi bark, Tellicherry bark, Bitter oleander, Dysentery rosebay, Easter tree, Ivory tree, Tekkuchery bark
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| Botanical Name |
Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roxb. ex Fleming) Wallich ex A. DC |
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| Parts Used |
Stem bark, Seed |
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| Human Medicinal Usage |
The bark is very bitter; vulnearary, styptic; good in headache; strenthens the gums; lessensinflammation,excessive menstual flow; the smoke ius good for piles-The leaves areastrigent,galactagogue,tonic,aphrodisiac; remove pain in the muscle; cool the brain; good in chronic brinchitis, lumbago, urinary discharges; boils,ukcers,wounds; useful to regulate menstuation; used to fumigate the child and the mother after delivery-The seeds are carminative, astrigent,aphodisiac,tonic; given in affections of the chest, asthama, colic,diuresis (Acton & Chopra, 1933; Ali and Alam, 1963; Anandakumar et al. 1984 and Ballal et al. 2000).
The bark is very much useful as an astringent, anthelmintic, antidontalgic, stomachic, febrifuge, antidropsical, diuretic, in piles, colic, dyspepsia, chest affections and as a remedy in diseases of the skin and spleen. A well known drug for amoebic dysentery and other gastric problems. Even useful in diarrhoea, indigestion, flatulence and colic (Caius & Mhaskar, 1927; Bertho, 1944; Basu and Jayaswal, 1968; Dutta and Iyer, 1968; Ojha, 1977; Kaul and Atal, 1983; Singh, 1986; Khan, 1987 and Sannd et al. 2004).
Decoction of the root bark has also been tested in amoebic dysentery effect. It can be even taken alone or along with Plantago ovata in the case of very chronic amoebic dysentery, this treatment has remarkable results in patients suffering from bacillary dysentery. Root and stem bark from the young tree and seeds are most commonly used for acute and chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. Seeds as an ingredient are used in many formulations for bilious affections, fever, bowel complaints (including flatulence), piles, intestinal worms, etc. It is used to get rid of toothache in a form of decoction along with seven other herbs, a compound enthelmintic powder is also prepared using it as one of the main constituents for round and thread worms. In chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, colitis, sprue and continued fever, fermented decoction (Kutajarishta) is given as astringent, stimulant and antiperiodic. An ayurvedic formulations known as Pradarari Lauha is prepared using bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica, Bombax malabaricum gum, Indian madder, Stephania hernandifolia, Aegle marmelos fruit, and tubers of Cyperus rotundus, Woodfordia floribunda flowers, atis, processed talc and iron. This is taken orally to cure menorrhagia and other uterine discharges. It is even used to check vomiting and cure dyspepsia, hemorrhoidal flux, jaundice, portal congestion, obstruction and inflammation fo gall ducts, worms, cold, etc. (Nadkarni, 1978).
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| Veterinary Medicinal Usage |
Blood tinged loose motion can be noticed in the affected animal. For this leaf of Holarrhena antidysenterica 200 g are ground well and diluted with 500 ml of water. Juice of one lemon is added to this and the whole mixture is administered to the animal three times a day (Plarava, 2000). Dried flowers of Madhuca indica, spines of `Karval', bark of Phoenix sylvestris fruit, bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica and either bark or fruit of Dendrophthoe spp. are pounded together; the pounded mixture is given orally to the animal to cure `Galasundha' disease (Mane, 1992). The seeds or the bark of Holarrhena antidysenterica, are powdered and mixed with the bran of rice or gram and fed to cattle suffering from dysentry or intestinal worms (Geervani, 1997). Another treatment for intestinal worms is to make a powder after drying the following: Holarrhena antidysentrica bark (10%), Mentha piperita leaves (10%), Tinospora cordifola (40 %), Butea monosperma seeds (20 %), Phyllanthus emblica (20%). Dose of three g each of this mixture twice a day helps eliminating the intestinal worms (Plarava, 2000).
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| Agriculture Usage |
Leaves of it are extensively used both in plains as well as hilly areas to control stem borer in paddy (Pradhan, 1998).
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| Other Usage |
Leaves of it are extensively used both in plains as well as hilly areas to control stem borer in paddy (Pradhan, 1998).
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| Synonyms |
Nerium antidysentericum L. |
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| Family |
Apocynaceae |
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| Description |
A shrub or small trees, growing 3-6 cm tall, glabrous or pubescent; bark pale to light-blackish-brown, irregularely fisssured. Leaves: 10-20 x 5-12 cm, broadly ovate or elliptic, petioles 3 mm long; Flowers: white in terminal corymbose cymes, inodorous, slender pedicle, bracts small, lanceolate, ciliate; calyx lobes around 3 mm long, acute; corolla. Puberulous outside, tube nearly 15 mm long, lobes around equaling the tube, oblong, rounded; Follicles 20-40 cm long, cylindrical, dark-green, studded with white or brown specks; Seeds linear-oblong, sometimes 8 mm long, compressed, brown, tipped with a comma of brown hairs (Kirtikar & Basu, 1935).
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| Common Name in India |
Dhurkhuri, Ducikhuri (Asamese); Kurchi, Katuraj, Kuteswar, Indrajava (Bengali); Indrajav, Kuda, Kodo, Kari (Gujarati); Kurchi, Karchi, Kurra (Hindi); Kewar, Kura (Punjabi); Kura, Kala-kura, Kear, Kewar, Kodago, Kuda, Dola-kuda, Pandhra kura (Marathi); Kodagapala (Malayalam); Kherwa, Pita, Korwa, Patru kurwa (Oriya); Beppale coodsaloo, Korchie (Kannada); Kuda-sappalai, Veppalei, Kodagapalei, Indrabam (Tamil); Kodisepala, Palakodsa, Pala, Kodaga (Telugu) (WOA, 1998). |
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| Common Name in Other Countries |
Ecoree de codagapala (French); Lisan el asafir el murr (Arabic); Zaban I gungishk I talk, Indar javitalkh (Persian)
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| Habitat |
It is commonly cultivated throughout India, very common in forests as well. Indigenous to the tropical Himalaya, Assam and UP. (Nadkarni, 1978)
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| Soil (Physical/Chemical) |
Plants grow well over a wide variety of soil types. |
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| Regional Distribution |
Almost throughout in India. |
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| Global Distribution |
India, Malaya peninsula |
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| Chemical composition |
Around 30 alkaloids have been isolated from the plant, mostly from the bark. These include conessine, kurchine, kurchicine, holarrhimine, conarrhimine, conaine, conessimine, iso-conessimine, conimine, holacetin and conkurchin. The principal alkaloid of kurchi is conessine (C24H40N2), it is amorphoru powder soluble in water and alcohol as well as diluted acids and it contains two tertiary Nme groups (Nadkarni, 1978).
Concuressine, 3-epihetero-conessine and kurcholessine are isolated after methylation of crude alkaloid mixture; kurchimine was also isolated, a new digitenol glycoside holadysone was characterized as 11, 20-dihydroxy-18, 20-epoxypregna-1, 4-dien-3-one in 1963 AD. Kurcholessine isolated after methylation of total basic fraction from bark elucidated Oxygen free alkaloids (conessine, conimine), conkurchine group alkaloids (including conessidine) and Oxygen containing alkaloids (holarrhenine, holafrine, holarrhetine) and fraction from leves contain Oxygen containing alkaloids (kurchiphyllamine and kurchiphylline); two new aminoglycosteroids holantosines A and B were isolated from elaves in 1970 (Rastogi & Mehrotra, 1993)
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REFERENCES |
| SR No. |
NAME |
ARTICLE TITLE |
AUTHOR |
PLACE OF PUBLICATION |
VOLUME/ISSUE |
YEAR |
PUBLISHER |
COMMENT |
| 1 |
Indian Medical Gazette. |
The treatment of chronic intestinal amoebiasis with the alkaloids of Holarrhena antidysenterica (kurchi). |
Acton, HW, Chopra, RN. |
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68(1): 11-27. |
1933. |
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| 2 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Kutaja bija - its pharmacognosy |
Anandakumar, A., Rajendran, V, Balasubramaniam, M, Muralidharan, R. |
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3 (4): 203-206. |
1984. |
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| 3 |
Pakistanj. Sci. |
Quantitative survey of Holarrhena antidysenterica (Kurchi) and Emblica officinalis plants in the andhermanik forests of the Chittagong Forest Division. |
Arshad Ali, M, Tarikul Alam, M. |
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15(4): 161-165. |
1963. |
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| 4 |
Indian Journal of Pharmacology. |
Antibacterial activity of Holarrhena antidysenterica [kurchi] against the enteric pathogens. |
Ballal, M., Sreejan, D, Bhat, KK, Shirwaikar, A, Shivananda, PG. |
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32 (6): 392-393. |
2000. |
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| 5 |
Indian Journal of Pharmacy. |
Amoebicidal activity of the alkaloids of Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. in vitro. |
Basu, NK, Jayaswal, SB. |
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30: 289. |
1968. |
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| 6 |
Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. |
Pharmacological tests on the extract and alkaloids of Holarrhena antidysenterica |
Bertho, A. |
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203: 41-46. |
1944. |
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| 7 |
Indian Medical Research Memoirs (Supplementary Series of the Indian Journal of Medical Research) |
A study of Indian medicinal plants: Holarrhena antidysenterica, Wall. |
Caius, JF, Mhaskar, KS. |
Calcutta. |
Memoir No. 6: 1-61 |
1927. |
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| 8 |
Journal of the Indian Medical Association. |
Anti-amoebic value of berberine and kurchi alkaloids |
Dutta, NK, Iyer, NS. |
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50: 349. |
1968. |
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| 9 |
Journal of Ethnopharmacology. |
Studies on Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall., 1. Botany, medico-ethnobotany and distribution |
Kaul, MK, Atal, CK. |
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8(3): 349-356. |
1983 |
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| 10 |
International Journal of Crude Drug Research. |
Comparative seed structure of medicinally important Holarrhena antidysenterica (Roth.) A.D.C. and its adulterant, Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocynaceae). |
Khan, PSH. |
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25(2): 81-86. |
1987. |
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| 11 |
International Book Distributors |
Indian Medicinal Plants |
Kirtikar, KR, Basu, BD. |
Dehradun, India. |
Vol. I-IV. |
1935. |
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| 12 |
Honey Bee. |
Study of Traditional Agricultural Practices. |
Mane, PM. |
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3(1): 3. |
1992 |
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| 13 |
Popular prakashan, Mumbai, India. |
Indian Materia Medica |
Nadkarni, KM. |
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Vol I. 624-651 pp. |
1978. |
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| 14 |
Sachitra Ayurved. |
Kutaj aur ars rog me uska prayog. |
Ojha, Jharkhande. |
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29(10): 725-728. |
1977. |
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| 15 |
CDRI, Lucknow and Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India. |
Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants |
Rastogi, RP, Mehrotra, BN. |
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Vol I-V. |
1993. |
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| 16 |
Sachitra Ayurved. |
Folk medicine of Patiala for arsha (piles). |
Sannd, R, Bansal, P, Bajwa, RMS, Acharya, VM. |
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56(7): 525-529. |
2004. |
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| 17 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Clinical studies on amoebiasis and giardiasis evaluating the efficacy of kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) in Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers. |
Singh, KP. |
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5(4): 228-231. |
1986. |
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| 18 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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