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Medicinal Plant details |
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Information |
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| Sanskrit Name |
Nagarvalli,Tambul. |
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| Common name in English |
Betel, Betel pepper, Betelvine, Betel vine. |
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| Botanical Name |
Piper betle L. |
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| Parts Used |
Leaves. |
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| Human Medicinal Usage |
Leaves and nuts chewing medicinal properties: Analgesic and stimulant, Rheumatic bone pains, gastric pain due to exposure to wine, indigestion, Bronchial asthma (Venkatakrishna, 1947/1948; Purohit and Nigam, 1958; Bangar et al., 1966; Sharma and Chaturvedi, 1967; Rathore and Mishra, 1970; Khosa and Dixit, 1971b; Khosa and Singh, 1972; Mori et al., 1979; Wahal and Juneja, 1979; Sharma et al., 1982; Sharma et al., 1983; Adhikary et al., 1989; Santhanam and Nagarjan, 1990; Choudhari et al., 1991).
According to Ayurveda, Pan leaf is pungent, acrid, heating, carminative, tonic, stomachic, aphrodisiac, laxative and useful in ozena, bronchitis, elephantiasis etc. According to Unani system of medicine, leaf improves taste and appetite, it is tonic to brain, heart and liver, strenghthens teeth, clears throat etc. As medicines, roots, flowers and leaves are used. It is effective in treatment of hoarseness in voice. In case of immature boil, the Pan leaves in form of aqueous paste is applied externally to suppress the boils. In open wounds, the paste is prepared by mixing Pan leaves with Til oil, and applied it externally. This application helps in healing the wound in less time. The Pan traders use the Pan leaves externally in treatment of Chapaki (Urticaria). Blisters. It is applied externally to stop itching as well as pain (Choudhuri et al., 1991; Garg and Jain, 1992; Baby et al., 1993; Hepsibah et al., 1993; Chatterjee et al., 1994; Gilani et al., 2000; Choudhary and Kale, 2002).
Traditionally, Pan leaves are used externally on lungs in case of acute coryza and cough of small children. It is one of the common used treatments.
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| Veterinary Medicinal Usage |
The cattle sometimes are found to be suffering from certain eye diseases that cause the eyes to become red accompanied by profuse watering. The remedy involves chewing on a tamul (areca nut) in its raw or fermented form along with a betel leaf with bits of lime and tobacco. After chewing for sometime, the accumulated spit is sprayed on the infected eyes twice or thrice a day (Borua, 1999).
The leaves of Barberia cuspidata plant are ground with six seeds of 'pepper' (piper nigrum) and kept on a cloth. 'Betel' leaves along with 'betel' nut amd tobacco are chewed and spit on the same cloth. The extract of these three together is squeezed through a cloth in the eye of the cattle to prevent white spots on cornea.
A betel leaf smeared with castor oil is placed on the diseased animals tongue over which a hot iron spatula (used for turning Dosai) is pressed. This treatment is believed to remove small thorn-like red-coloured growths (nakku mul) protruding on the oral cavity (Khan, 1998).
Grind 4 or 5 leaves of Cissus quandrangularis and Piper betel and mix with powdered cyrstallized sugar and feed the animal twice daily. This will cure hematuria. (Khan, 1998).
Roots of thalai suriliver (Aristolochia indica), seeds of pepper, leaves of betel vine and rhizome of Solena amplexicaulis are crushed in goat urine or in boiled water. The mixture is administered to the bitten animal (Iyyappan, 1995). Five pods of kachakamutty, leaves of veeli, seeds of pepper and black cumin, leaves of betel, and onion bulbs are crushed and mixed with water. The resultant solution is administered to cattle for three days continuously to prevent hair loss from tail (Iyyappan 1995).
When an animal suffers from indigestion or a gastric problem, 10 betel leaves, and 10 g each of pepper and garlic are ground together, diluted in hot water and administered to suffering animal (Iyyappan, 1994). To control animal fever, feed the animals a mixture of ingu (Ferula narthex), betel vine leaf, pepper and garlic; leaves of neem, thumbe (Leucas aspera), drumstick (Moringa oleifera) or coconut leaves; and seven to eight leaves of ekka (Calotropis sp.) (Prakash, 2002).
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| Synonyms |
Chavica betle Miq., Chavica auriculata Miq.
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| Family |
Piperaceae. |
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| Description |
An evergreen vine, it climbs to a height of 3 m. The stem is slender, twining and rounded; the leaves are oval-acuminate, green and smooth; the flowers are green, occurring in spikes; the fruit are fleshy, red berries. A native of India, it prefers well-composted, moist, well-drained soils in a protected, sunny position, and is drought and frost tender.Part used:Vines and leaves.May be collected throughout the year.Rinse, cut into pieces, sun-dry.A glabrous climbing vine reaching a height of 2 to 4 m.Upper leaves ovate, 10 to 13 cm long, mostly 7 nerved from near the base, the pair of nerves free to the base, apex acuminate, base somewhat inequilaterally rounded or cordate, the petioles 1.5 to 2.5 cm long sheathing. Flowers: male spikes about as long as the leaves, about 2 mm in diameter, the rachis hirsute. Female spikes, when mature, red fleshy 2 to 4 cm long, 0.5 to 1 cm thick. Fruits: drupes.
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| Common Name in India |
Paan (Gujarati, Hindi); Eleballi, Panu, Vileyadele (Kannada); Bakik serasa (Malayalam); Pan, Vidyache pan (Marathi)
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| Common Name in Other Countries |
Tamul, Tanbul (Arabic); Ju jiang, Tu bi ba, Tu wei teng, Wei zi, Wei ye, Da feng teng (Chinese); Betel, Poivrier betel (French); Betelpfeffer, Betel-Pfeffer (German); Naagavallii (Nepalese); Phulu (Thai); Sirih, Seureuh (Indonesia)
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| Habitat |
Tropical regions of southern Asia. |
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| Rainfall |
Plants are grown in the area having annual rainfall 570-2000 mm. |
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| Soil (Physical/Chemical) |
Plant can survive in the soil having pH 5-10. |
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| Regional Distribution |
Eastern South India. |
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| Global Distribution |
Cultivated throughout the Philippines. Wild in most provinces of Luzon. |
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| Chemical composition |
Beta-Sitosterol isolated from roots.
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| Herbarium No |
0 |
REFERENCES |
| SR No. |
NAME |
ARTICLE TITLE |
AUTHOR |
PLACE OF PUBLICATION |
VOLUME/ISSUE |
YEAR |
PUBLISHER |
COMMENT |
| 1 |
IJEB. |
Antifertility effects of Piper betle Linn. extract on ovary and testis of albino rats. |
Adhikary, P, Banerji, J, Chowdhury, J, et al. |
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27: 868-870. |
1989. |
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| 2 |
Indian Perfumer. |
Leaf oil of Piper betle Linn. - The in vitro antimicrobial studies. |
Baby, P, Alankararao, GSJG, Prasad, YR. |
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37(1): 91-93. |
1993 |
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| 3 |
Indian Journal of Pharmacy. |
Antimicrobial activity of leaves and oil of Piper betle Linn. |
Bangar, GP, Rao, RE, Varma, KC. |
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28(12): 327 |
1966. |
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| 4 |
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. |
Antifertility effect of Piper betle Linn. (stalk) in adult male rats. |
Chatterjee, A, Adhikari, P, Banerji, J, Choudhury, D, Jana, S, Sengupta, A. |
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71(2): 81-84. |
1994. |
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| 5 |
Fitoterapia. |
Pregnancy interceptive effect of Piper betle. |
Choudhari, D, et al. |
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62(2): 397. |
1991. |
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| 6 |
Phytotherapy Research. |
Antioxidant and non-toxic properties of Piper betle leaf extract: in vitro and in vivo studies. |
Choudhary, D, Kale, RK. |
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16(5): 461-466. |
2002. |
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| 7 |
Fitoterapia. |
Pregnancy interceptive effect of Piper betle. |
Choudhuri, D, Adhikary, P, Banerji, J, Jana, S, Chatterjee, A. |
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62(5): 397-401. |
1991 |
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| 8 |
Journal of Essential Oil Research. |
Biological activity of the essential oil of Piper betle L. |
Garg, SC, Jain, R. |
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4(6): 601-606. |
1992. |
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| 9 |
Phytotherapy Research. |
The presence of cholinomimetic and calcium channel antagonist constituents in Piper betle Linn. |
Gilani, Anwar H, Nauman Aziz, Irfan Khurram, Rao, ZA, Ali, NK. |
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14(6): 436-442. |
2000. |
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| 10 |
Honey Bee. |
Dropping of Tail Hair of Cattle; Rashes on the Skin. |
Iyyappan, VR. |
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6(1): 12. |
1995. |
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| 11 |
Honey Bee. |
Traditional Veterinary Wisdom Practices from rural Medak, Andhra Pradesh. |
Khan, SH. |
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9(3): 19. |
1998. |
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| 12 |
Honey Bee. |
Control of Animal Fever. |
Prakash, TN. |
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13(4): 19. |
2002. |
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| 13 |
Honey Bee. |
Treating Corneal Opacity. |
Bharwad, SJ. |
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13(1): 11. |
2002. |
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| 14 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Standardisation of murivenna and hemajeevanti taila. |
Hepsibah, PTA, Rosamma, MP, Babu Rajendra Prasad and P, Sanjeev Kumar. |
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12(3/4): 428-434. |
1993 |
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| 15 |
Indian Journal of Pharmacy. |
A preliminary study on the root of Piper betel (Linn). |
Khosa, RL, Dixit, SN. |
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33(6): 118. |
1971b. |
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| 16 |
JRIM. |
Betel root an antifertility agent. |
Khosa, RL, Singh, RH. |
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7(4): 21-31. |
1972. |
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| 17 |
Experientia. |
Carcinogenicity examination of betel nuts and Piper betle leaves. |
Mori, H, Matsubara, N, Ushimaru, Y, Hirono, I. |
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35(3): 384-385. |
1979. |
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| 18 |
Saugar University Journal (Sagar) |
New essential oils from Indian sources. |
Purohit, RM, Nigam, SS. |
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7: 49-54 |
1958. |
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| 19 |
Fitoterapia. |
Wound healing activity of Curcuma aromatica and Piper betle. |
Rathore, JS, Mishra, SK. 1970. Indications of antimitotic activity by Piper betle. East Pharm. 13: 49. Santhanam, G, Nagarjan, S. |
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61(5): 458-459. |
1990. |
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| 20 |
Indian Perfumer. |
Essential oil of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) var. `Kapoori'. |
Sharma, ML, Rawat, AKS, Subrahmanyam, VR. |
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26: 134-137 |
1982. |
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| 21 |
Indian Perfumer. |
Essential oil of betel leaves (Piper betle L.) vars. `Ramtek' and `Desi Bangla'. |
Sharma, ML, Rawat, AKS, Subrahmanyam, VR. |
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27: 91-93. |
1983. |
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| 22 |
JRIM. |
An experimental study on the effects of betel leaf (Piper betle) on cardiovascular system. |
Sharma, PV, Chaturvedi, C. |
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1(2): 179-189. |
1967. |
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| 23 |
JRIM. |
An experimental study on the effects of betel leaf (Piper betle) on cardiovascular system. |
Sharma, PV, Chaturvedi, C. |
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1(2): 179-189. |
1967. |
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| 24 |
Journal of Oriental Research (Madras). |
"Piper betle or betel-leaves and betel nuts" or "chewing", a peculiar South Indian custom. |
Venkatakrishna Rao, U. |
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17: 158-164. |
1947/1948. |
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| 25 |
National Botanical Research Institute. |
Bibliography on pan, Piper betle Linn., VIII and 49 p., Economic Botany Information Service. |
Wahal, D, Juneja, BR. |
Lucknow. |
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1979. |
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