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Medicinal Plant details |
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| Sanskrit Name |
Anntmool, Anthrapachaka (WOA, 1998).
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| Common name in English |
Tylophora, Indian ipecac |
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| Botanical Name |
Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill |
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| Historical Accounts |
Historical or traditional use (may or may not be supported by scientific studies): This plant has been traditionally utilised as a folk remedy in certain regions of India, not only in the treatment of bronchial asthma. In the latter half of the 19th century, it was called Indian ipecacuahna, as the roots of the plant have often been employed as an effective substitute for ipecac; this use to induce vomiting led to tylophora’s inclusion in the Bengal Pharmacopoeia of 1884.2. |
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| Parts Used |
Leaves, Root |
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| Human Medicinal Usage |
It is a well known plant of herbal remedy and has been used traditionally for thousands of years in the Indian tradition of Ayurvedic medicine for lung and breathing problems. The roots and leaves possess emetic and purgative properties (Shah & Kapoor, 1976; Sharma & Sharma, 1977; Vasudevan Nair et al., 1982; Nair et al., 1984; Rajashekharan et al., 1989). They have reported to contain an amorphous alkaloid. The roots have a sweetish taste turning acrid, pleasant aromatic odor, and a brittle fracture. They possess stimulant, emetic, cathartic, expectorant, stomachic and diaphoretic properties, and are used for the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, dysentery and diarrhoea; they are reported to be given in rheumatic and gouty pains. The roots are said to possess bacteriostatic properties and have been suggested to be a good natural preservative of food. The roots and leaves are also reported to be used in hydrophobia. The leaves are employed to destroy vermin.
In the patients who commonly use the drug, may have some problem of nausea and vomiting. The leaves and roots have often been employed as a substitute for ipecacanha; the dried leaves are reported to be more uniform and certain in their action than the roots. In large doses, the dried leaves may cause fatal poisoning. Plant roots are stimulant, emetic, cathartic, expectorant and stomachic. The extract is prepared from the leaves of the plant Tylophora indica, which acts as anti tumour too (Chitnis et al., 1972). Through a unique combination of actions exerted by the component alkaloids and other phytochemicals, Tylophora asthmatica extract helps to promote efficient respiratory function. The plant has been most beneficial in maintaining respiratory health (Dhananjayan et al., 1974; Mathew & Shivpuri, 1974; Thiruvengadam et al., 1978; Gupta, 1979; Karnick & Jopat, 1979, Gore et al., 1980; Gupta & Bal, 1956).
Plant extract, commonly used for bronchial asthma, is added to these formulas for its muscle relaxant effect and for its stimulatory effect on the adrenal cortex. In tests with Tylophora extract, both adrenal weight and plasma steroid levels were found increased (vitasentials, 2004).
This plant has been traditionally utilized as a folk remedy in certain regions of India in the treatment of bronchial asthma (Shivpuri et al., 1968, 1969; Shivpuri & Agrawal, 1973). In the latter half of the 19th century, it was called Indian ipecacuahna, as the roots of the plant have often been employed as an effective substitute for ipecac (food4less1, 2004).
It is widely used as a remedy in asthma, hay fever, diarrhoea, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, rheumatism, and dermatitis (Haranath & Shyamalakumari, 1975; Karnick & Jopat, 1979). It has been used in traditional medicine as an emetic, expectorant, antidysenteric, antirhuematic and bronchodilator, anti-psoriasis, seborrheic, anaphylactic effect, leucopenia, and an inhibition of the Schultz-Dale reaction (Sarma, 1978, Sarma & Mi'sra, 1995). According to Stephen and Vijayammal (2000), it shows anti-inflammatory and anti tumor effect too. The plant shows inhibitory effect on cellular immune response (Ganguly & Sainis, 2001) and antiallergic activity (Nayampalli & Sheth, 1979). |
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| Veterinary Medicinal Usage |
A handful of Tylophora indica leaves are grind and mix together with 5 gm tine soda or sodium bicarbonate and water and feed once daily for 2 days to control tympany in cattle (Hamed, 1998). The leaves of Tylophora asthmatica and Capparis brevispina, pepper and garlic, are crushed to extract the juice. The juice is mixed with buttermilk or goats milk and is given to the animals suffering from bacterial infection (Prakash, 1997). Whenever sheep or goats eat the ratoon crop of jowar (sorghum) or maize or eat some insects, their stomach tends to swell. To control this condition, feed the creeper of Tylophora asthmatica to affected animals (Patel, 2002). |
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| Other Usage |
This extract is prepared from the leaves of the plant Tylophora indica. Through a unique combination of actions exerted by the component alkaloids and other phytochemicals, Tylophora asthmatica extract helps to promote efficient respiratory function. The plant has been most beneficial in maintaining respiratory health (bayho, 2004). Tylophora Extract (Tylophora indica) Tylophora extract, commonly used for bronchial asthma, is added to these formulas for its muscle relaxant effect and for its stimulatory effect on the adrenal cortex. In tests with tylophora extract, both adrenal weight and plasma steroid levels increased (vitasentials, 2004). |
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| Synonyms |
Cynanchum indicum Burm. f., Tylophora asthmatica Wt. & Arn., Asclepias asthmatica L. f. (pgrc3.agr, 2004).
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| Family |
Asclepiadaceae
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| Description |
A small, slender, much branched pubescent twining herb or undershrub, 30-90 cm high Roots: stout, cord-like, covered with light brown, corky bark, longitudinally fissured, rootstock 2.5-5.0 cm thick Leaves: ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, thick, glabrous Flowers: minute in 2 to 3-flowered fascicles, in axillary umbellate cymes Fruits: follicles ovoid-lanceolate, glabrous, with thick pericarp, 5 cm long Seeds: broadly ovoid or ovate-oblong, flat, brown, with 2.0-2.5 cm long coma Fl. & Fr.: July-Dec (pioneerherbs,2004). |
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| Common Name in India |
Anantmool (Hindi); Koorinja (Tamil); Kharaki-rasna, Anthamul, Pitmari (Marathi); Verripala, Kukka-pala (Telugu); Antamul (Bengali) (WOA, 1998). |
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| Habitat |
The plant is native to the plains, forests, and hills of southern and eastern India (vitacost, 2004). Forms dense patches in the forest in moist and humid conditions in open hill slopes and narrow valleys, also cultivated for its medicinal uses (WOA, 1998).
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| Rainfall |
The plant grows well in mediate rainfall of 600-1350 mm, however it shows stunted growth in the areas with lesser rainfall (WOA, 1998).
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| Soil (Physical/Chemical) |
It grows in sandy localities (Nadkarni, 1976). |
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| Regional Distribution |
Found in the sub-Himalayan tract from Uttar Pradesh to Meghalaya and in the central and peninsular India, ascending up to 1,260 m. Also grown in eastern India, Assam, North India, Central India, Bengal and parts of South India (Nadkarni, 1976).
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| Global Distribution |
The plant mainly inhabits in the Indian Peninsula, other subtropical regions, Ceylon and the Moluccas.
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| Pests / Diseases |
A number of diseases of some medicinal plants, predominantly foliage were detected in the nurseries at New Forest, Dehradun. Rhizoctonia solani destroys the plant severely and produces leaf web blight disease of Tylophora indica and almost every leaf blade is fallen in the severe stage. To control the disease, it is recommended to (1) raise the plants on some support instead of letting them spread over the ground, (2) weeding, (3) removal and disposal of infected leaves by burning, and (4) spray of Bayleton (0.06 percent) on the lower portion of plants twice at fortnightly intervals starting from the first week of June. |
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| Chemical composition |
Two main alkaloids tylophorine and tylophorinine C24H27O4N and C23H27O4N are extracted from the plant . Standardized extract contains approximately 0.1% of tylophorine. Other three alkloids Tylophorinidine, septicine and isotylocrebrine were isolated later on by T R Govindachari. In 1993, tylogenin was isolated from Tylophora sylvatica. Tylogenin is a steroidal compound with antiallergic properties. Laboratory research shows that this isolated plant extract exerts a strong anti-inflammatory action. Moreover, scientists suspect that tylophorine is able to interfere with the action of mast cells, which are key components in the process of inflammation. Mast cells are specialized types of cells in the body that lie along blood vessels and are found primarily in the skin, airways of the lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. When they are triggered by an allergen, they release the chemical histamine, which in turn leads to a wide number of symptoms familiar to allergy and asthma sufferers, such as itchy eyes, runny nose, chest tightness, and even diarrhoea. Together, these latter facts support tylophora's traditional use as an anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic medication by Ayurvedic practitioners. |
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REFERENCES |
| SR No. |
NAME |
ARTICLE TITLE |
AUTHOR |
PLACE OF PUBLICATION |
VOLUME/ISSUE |
YEAR |
PUBLISHER |
COMMENT |
| 1 |
Bayho. 2004. |
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| 2 |
Pioneerherbs. 2004. |
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| 3 |
Vitasentials. 2004. |
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| 4 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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