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Medicinal Plant details |
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Information |
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| Sanskrit Name |
Candanah, Sikhandam (WOA, 1998). |
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| Common name in English |
Sandalwood, White sandal tree, Sandal tree. |
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| Botanical Name |
Santalum album L. |
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| Historical Accounts |
The Sandalwood is one of the oldest gives perfumery materials and has over 2,000yrs of unintrrupted history. Kautilya described a variety of sandalwood in his Arthsastra (200.B.C).
It is also mentioned in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. |
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| Parts Used |
Seeds, heartwood. |
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| Human Medicinal Usage |
The oil is used to relieve scabies, cure pimples and other skin diseases. The paste of the wood or its infusion is a good dressing for eruptive skin diseases and to reduce headache and fever. The heartwood is used for refrigerating aromatics, intellect promoting, cardiotonic, diuretic, expectorant, haemostatic, anodyne, restorative and tonic. It is used in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, cephalalgia, and foul odour due to hyperhydrosis, skin diseases, forgetfullness, amnetia, psychopathic cardiac debility, hyperacidity, jaundice, cough, bronchitis, inflammations, cystitis, dysentry, gastric iritability, leucorrhoea, intermittent fever and general debility (Biswas et al., 1998; Fischer, 1928; Gode, 1947; Nair et al., 1984; Rajan, 1965; Usha Rani et al., 1995).
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| Veterinary Medicinal Usage |
The traditional veterinary formulation to control FMD constitutes sukkunaripal (a type of grass), cakes of Madhuca indica, leaves of Pergularia daemia, Calotropis gigantea, Azadirachta indica and Santalum album (Annonymous, 2000).
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| Synonyms |
Santalum myrtifolium (L.) Roxb., Sirium myrtifolium L.. |
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| Family |
Santalaceae |
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| Description |
A medium sized evergreen, semiparasite glabrous tree with slender drooping branches, reaching upto 18m in height; bark dark grey colour or brownish black, rough, with short vertical cracks; wood of different colours, depending on the age, highly scented. Leaves: simple, opposite, oval or lanceolate, smooth both sides, glabrous, entire. Flowers: in racemes or axillary and terminal paniculate cymes, very small, numerous, brownish purple, reddish purple or violet purple. Fruits: drupes globose, purple black with ribbed endocarp. Seeds: globose or obovoid, hard (WOA, 1998). |
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| Common Name in India |
Safed chandan, Santal (Hindi); Chandan (Gujarati); Bavanna, Agrugandha (Kannad); Chandanam (Malyalam); Chandanam (Tamil); Chandanamu, Gandhapucekka, Srigandapuma (Telugu) (WOA, 1998). |
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| Common Name in Other Countries |
Karamai (Burma); T'vanHsiang (Chinese); Santal blane, Santal citron (French); Sandelholzbaum (Germon); Santalon (Greek); Sandal (Russian)
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| Habitat |
Found in dry deciduous thorn and monsoon-forests.
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| Rainfall |
A minimum rainfall of 60 -160 cm (for best heartwood 80 to 135 cm) is required (WOA, 1998). |
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| Soil (Physical/Chemical) |
The plant tolerates red, ferruginous loam to shallow, rocky ground and stony soils (WOA, 1998).
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| Regional Distribution |
It is found to be growing in Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Kerala. It is naturalised and occasionally found in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan (WOA, 1998).
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| Global Distribution |
It is indigenous to west Peninsular India but some believe that it has come in India from Indonesia. The plant grows in tropical countries (WOA, 1998).
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| Harvest |
Collection of seeds is done during the month of Jan-March. Sandle wood is harvested when required.
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| Pests / Diseases |
There are only a few diseases of which the spike disease is the most destructive and has attracted worldwide attention. The symptoms include new shoots and leaves with reduced size, stiff and straight. Internode becomes shortened and leaves turn yellowish. The root tips dies and rots. |
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| Chemical composition |
The sandalwood oil contains exo-norbicyloekasantalal.
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| Herbarium No |
1 |
REFERENCES |
| SR No. |
NAME |
ARTICLE TITLE |
AUTHOR |
PLACE OF PUBLICATION |
VOLUME/ISSUE |
YEAR |
PUBLISHER |
COMMENT |
| 1 |
Pharnacognosy of ayurvedic drugs of Travan core- cochin |
Pharmacognosy of ayurvedic drugs of travan core-cochin |
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trivandrum |
page-221 |
1951 |
central research institute |
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| 2 |
The wealth of india |
The wealth of india. |
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NEW DELHI INDIA |
9/page-208-224 |
1952 |
C.S.I.R |
A dictonary of indian raw materials and industrial products |
| 3 |
The useful palnts of india |
The useful palnts of india |
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new delhi india |
page-546-547 |
1986 |
c.s.i.r |
publications and information directorate |
| 4 |
Indian medicinal plants |
Indian medicinal plants |
p.s.varier's,arya vaidya sala |
kottakkal |
vol-5/page-57 |
1997 |
longman limited |
A compendium of 500sps. |
| 5 |
Ind J Pharmacol. |
Sub-acute toxicity study of a polyherbal drug (Prostina) in rats. |
Biswas, NR, Singh, SS, Gopal, N, Pandey, RM, Giri, D. |
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30: 239-244. |
1998 |
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| 6 |
J Ind Bot Soc. |
The original home of Santalum album. |
Fischer, CEC. |
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7: 12. |
1928. |
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| 7 |
Honey Bee. |
Managing Foot and Mouth Disease Through Innovative Traditions. |
Annonymous. |
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11(2): 7-8. |
2000. |
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| 8 |
J Kalinga Historical Res Soc.
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Studies in the history of Indian plants - The reference to Candana forest on the Malaya mountain in the Ramayana and its bearing on the history of white sandal (Santalum album) in India. |
Gode, PK. |
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2(3): 154-159. |
1947 |
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| 9 |
Myforest. |
Some properties of heartwood of sandal (Santalum album L.). |
Rajan, BKC. |
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1(4): 35-42. |
1965. |
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| 10 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Multicentric, placebo-controlled, randomised double-blind evaluation of a new herbal cream in vaginal infections. |
Usha Rani, P, Naidu, MUR, Rama Raju, GA, Shobha, G, Rao, TRK, Shobha, JC, Vijay Kumar, T. |
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14(4): 212-224. |
1995. |
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| 11 |
Honey Bee. |
Wounds infested with worms. |
Konar, A. |
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6(4): 12. |
1995 |
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| 12 |
Honey Bee. |
Or thumbai. |
Vivekanandan, P. |
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13(3): 12. |
2002. |
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| 13 |
Honey Bee. |
Cure for anorexia, giddiness, cough. |
Vivekanandan, P |
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10(3): 10. |
1999 |
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| 14 |
Ind J Pharmacol. |
Antiinflammatory activity of different fractions of Leucas aspera Spreng. |
Goudgaon, NM, Basavaraj, NR, Vijayalaxmi, A. |
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35(6): 397-398. |
2003. |
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| 15 |
Sachitra Ayurved. |
Sarpdam's par dronapu.spi ka prayog. |
Gupta, SP. |
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46(5): 355-358. |
1993. |
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| 16 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Effect of Leucas aspera on experimental inflammation and mast cell degranulation |
Kannappa Reddy, M, Viswanathan, S, Sambantham, P, Ramachandran, S, Kameswaran, L. |
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5(3): 168-171. |
1986. |
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| 17 |
Ancient Science of Life.
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Effect of Leucas aspera on experimental inflammation and mast cell degranulation. |
Reddy, K, Viswanathan, S, Sanbantham, TP, Santha, R, Kameswaran, L. |
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5(3): 168-171. |
1986 |
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| 18 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Anti-ulcer activity of Leucas aspera Spreng. |
Reddy, M, Kannappa, S, Viswanathan, P, Thirugnanasambantham, Kameswaran, L. |
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12(1/2): 257-260. |
1992. |
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| 19 |
Fitoterapia. |
Analgesic activity of Leucas aspera. |
Reddy, M, Kannappa, S, Viswanathan, P, Thirugnanasambantham, Kameswaran, L. |
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64(2): 151-154. |
1993. |
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| 20 |
Fitoterapia. |
Effect of Leucas aspera on snake venom poisoning in mice and its possible mechanism of action. |
Reddy, M, Kannappa, S, Viswanathan, P, Thirugnanasambantham, Kameswaran, L. |
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64(5): 442-446. |
1993. |
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| 21 |
Ind J Pharmacy. |
Studies on Leucas aspera. |
Shirazi, AMJ. |
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9: 116-118. |
1947. |
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| 22 |
J Res Panjab Agri Univ. |
Antifungal activity of Leucas aspera Spreng. against experimental dermatomycosis in mice. |
Thakur, DK. |
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19(3): 265-266. |
1982. |
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| 23 |
Ancient Science of Life. |
Antimicrobial studies of some selected medicinal plants. |
Udayakumar, R, Hazeena Begum, V. |
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21(4): 230-234. |
2002. |
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| 24 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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| 25 |
WOA |
The Wealth of Asia |
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New Delhi |
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1998 |
National Institute of Science Communication, CSIR |
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